Food handlers: an important reservoir of protozoans and helminth parasites of public health importance / Manipuladores de alimentos: um importante reservatório de protozoários e helmintos parasitas de importância para a saúde pública

Food handlers plays a primary role in the transmission of pathogenically important protozoans and helminth parasites. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal pathogenic protozoans and helminth parasites among food handlers in and around University of Malakand, Lower Dir, Pakistan. Stool samples were collected from 642 food handlers (all of male) in a cross-sectional study from January to November, 2017. Wet Mount Techniques and concentration methods by using salt and formol–ether solutions. Three hundred and eighty four cases (59.8%) were found infected with one more parasites. Most of the individuals were found infected with helminth (47.6%) as compared to intestinal protozoans (0.93%). Seventy two cases (11.2%) of the cases presented mixed infection with both intestinal protozoan and helminth parasites. The order of prevalence for intestinal helminth was Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 258, 40.1%), followed by Taeniasa ginata (n=96, 14.9%) Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 54, 8.40%) and Trichuris trichura (n=30, 4.60%). For intestinal protozoa, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (n = 36, 5.64%) was the only protozoan detected. Mono-parasitism was higher than poly-parasitism. Family size income and education level were the factors significantly (P<0.05) associated in the parasites prevalence. Current research showed that IPIs are primarily the foodborne pathogens still an important public health problem in Pakistan. Effective control programs on parasitic diseases transfer and their associated factors are recommended.

Os manipuladores de alimentos desempenham um papel fundamental na transmissão de protozoários e helmintos parasitas patogenicamente importantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de protozoários patogênicos intestinais e helmintos parasitas entre manipuladores de alimentos na Universidade de Malakand, Lower Dir, Paquistão. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas de 642 manipuladores de alimentos (todos do sexo masculino) em um estudo transversal de janeiro a novembro de 2017. Técnicas de montagem úmida e métodos de concentração usando soluções de sal e formol-éter. Trezentos e oitenta e quatro casos (59,8%) foram encontrados infectados com mais um parasita. A maioria dos indivíduos foi encontrada infectada por helmintos (47,6%) em comparação com protozoários intestinais (0,93%). Setenta e dois casos (11,2%) dos casos apresentavam infecção mista com protozoários intestinais e helmintos parasitas. A ordem de prevalência de helmintos intestinais foi Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 258, 40,1%), seguido por Taeniasa ginata (n = 96, 14,9%) Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 54, 8,40%) e Trichuris trichura (n = 30, 4,60 %). Para protozoários intestinais, Entamoeba histolytica / dispar (n = 36, 5,64%) foi o único protozoário detectado. Monoparasitismo foi maior do que poliparasitismo. A renda familiar e o nível de escolaridade foram os fatores significativamente (P <0,05) associados na prevalência de parasitos. A pesquisa atual mostrou que os IPIs são principalmente os patógenos de origem alimentar, ainda um importante problema de saúde pública no Paquistão. Programas eficazes de controle da transferência de doenças parasitárias e seus fatores associados são recomendados.

Expert consensus on immunoprophylaxis of childhood rotavirus gastroenteritis (2020 version) / 中华流行病学杂志

Group A rotavirus (RV) is one of the major pathogens that cause severe acute gastroenteritis and death in children under 5 years old in China. RV vaccination is the most effective measure for prevention and control of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE). This consensus is developed by reviewing RV related literatures, RV disease data in China, World Health Organization(WHO) position paper on RV vaccines and expert discussion. This consensus aims to provide professional staff with scientific information on rotavirus vaccine use, and evidence for developing the immunization strategy of childhood RVGE in China.

Expert consensus on immunoprophylaxis of childhood rotavirus gastroenteritis(2020) / 中华预防医学杂志

Group A rotavirus (RV) is one of the major pathogens that cause severe acute gastroenteritis and death in children under 5 years old in China. RV vaccination is the most effective measure for prevention and control of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE). This consensus is developed by reviewing RV related literatures, RV disease data in China, World Health Organization(WHO) position paper on RV vaccines and expert discussion. This consensus aims to provide professional staff with scientific information on rotavirus vaccine use, and evidences for developing the immunization strategy of childhood RVGE in China.

Situação vacinal em crianças da educação infantil contra o Rotavírus Humano / Situación de la vacunación en niños de la educación infantil contra el Rotavirus Humano / Vaccination situation in children of childhood education against Human Rotavirus

Resumo 22. Objetiva-se analisar a situação vacinal da Vacina Oral do Rotavírus Humano em crianças da educação infantil. Utilizou-se o método de estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, retrospectivo e de abordagem quantitativa realizado a partir de informações coletadas em 1 434 cópias de cartões de vacinas de crianças matriculadas em Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil de Natal/RN. Os dados foram coletados de março e dezembro de 2015 por meio de lista de verificação. Os resultados expressam que 78,4% dos cartões analisados foram classificados como esquema vacinal completo quando possuíam duas doses da vacina e 11,9% apresentaram esquema vacinal incompleto, quando possuíam apenas uma dose e outros 9,7% classificados como não vacinado quando não apresentaram registro desta vacina. Conclui-se que houve aumento no número de doses administradas nos últimos anos. No entanto observou-se um número maior de crianças não imunizadas em faixa-etária maiores.

Resumen 26. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la situación vacunal de la Vacuna Oral del Rotavirus Humano en niños de la educación infantil. Se utilizó el método de estudio epidemiológico, descriptivo, retrospectivo y de abordaje cuantitativo realizado a partir de informaciones recogidas en 1 434 copias de tarjetas de vacunas de niños matriculados en Centros Municipales de Educación Infantil de Natal/RN. Los datos fueron recolectados de marzo y diciembre de 2015 a través de lista de chequeo. Los resultados expresan que el 78,4% de las tarjetas analizadas fueron clasificadas como esquema vacunal completo cuando tenían dos dosis de la vacuna y el 11,9% presentó un esquema vacunal incompleto, cuando poseían sólo una dosis y otro 9,7% clasificados como no vacunados cuando no presentaron registro de esta vacuna. Se concluye que hubo aumento en el número de dosis administradas en los últimos años. Sin embargo, se observó un número mayor de niños no inmunizados en grupo de mayor edad.

Abstract 30. The objective of this study was to analyze the vaccination status of the Human Rotavirus Oral Vaccine in children in early childhood education. The epidemiological, descriptive, retrospective and quantitative approach method was carried out based on information collected on 1 434 copies of vaccination cards of children enrolled in Natal / RN Municipalities for Early Childhood Education. Data were collected from March and December 2015 through the check list. The results show that 78,4% of the analyzed cards were classified as complete vaccination schedule when they had two doses of the vaccine and 11,9% had an incomplete vaccination schedule when they had only one dose and another 9,7% classified as not vaccinated when not registered this vaccine. It was concluded that there was an increase in the number of doses administered in the last years. However, a larger number of unimmunized children in the larger age group were observed.

Efecto de la lactancia en las infecciones pediátricas frecuentes: estudio de cohorte prospectivo de cinco años / Effect of breastfeeding on common pediatric infections: a 5-year prospective cohort study

Introducción. En los estudios realizados se encontró que la duración de la lactancia tiene un efecto reductor sobre las infecciones frecuentes en los niños durante el período de lactancia. Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue abordar la asociación entre la duración de la lactancia y las enfermedades infecciosas frecuentes en los niños hasta los 5 años de edad para demostrar los efectos protectores de la leche materna. Población y métodos. Se incluyeron 411 lactantes nacidos en Rize, Turquía, entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2011. Este estudio de cohorte, prospectivo duró cinco años; en este período, se realizaron 11 entrevistas con cada madre de los lactantes. Se dividió a los lactantes en dos grupos: amamantados durante más y menos de 12 meses, y se estudió la asociación entre la lactancia y las infecciones, como otitis media aguda, gastroenteritis aguda, infección respiratoria aguda e infección urinaria. Resultados. De los 411 nacimientos, se incluyeron 270 lactantes, 193 (71,5%) recibieron lactancia durante más de 12 meses y 77 (28,5%), durante menos de 12 meses. Los lactantes del primer grupo tuvieron menos casos de otitis media aguda y gastroenteritis aguda (n = 77; 28,52%) en comparación con los lactantes amamantados durante menos de 12 meses en el período de cinco años (p < 0,05). Conclusiones. Con este estudio se detectó que la lactancia durante más de 12 meses reduce significativamente las infecciones frecuentes durante la niñez, como la otitis media y la gastroenteritis durante los primeros cinco años de vida.

Introduction.The studies conducted revealed that breastfeeding duration has a reducing effect on common infectious diseases in the children during breastfeeding period. Objective. The aim of the present study was to address the association between breastfeeding duration and common infectious diseases in the children until 5 years of age to show long-term protective effects of the breast milk. Material and methods. The study included 411 infants who were born in Rize (Turkey) between January 2011 and December 2011. The present prospective-cohort study lasted for 5 years and 11 interviews were conducted with each mother of the infants during this period. The infants were divided into two groups as those who were breastfed more and less than 12 months and the association between breastfeeding and infections such as acute otitis media, acute gastroenteritis, acute respiratory tract infections and acute urinary system infections was investigated. Results. Of 270 infants 193 (71.5%) were breastfed longer than 12 months and 77 (28.5%) were breastfed less than 12 months. Infants in the first group had less acute otitis media and acute gastroenteritis (n= 77, 28.52%) when compared with the infants breastfed less than 12 months during 5-year period (p <0.05). Conclusion. The present study detected that breastfeeding duration longer than 12 months significantly reduces the common childhood infections such as otitis media and gastroenteritis during the first 5 years of life.

Intervention analysis of introduction of rotavirus vaccine on hospital admissions rates due to acute diarrhea / Análise de intervenção da introdução da vacina do rotavirus nas taxas de internação hospitalar por diarreia aguda / Análisis de intervención en la introducción de la vacuna contra el rotavirus en las tasas de hospitalización por diarrea aguda

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of rotavirus vaccine on hospitalization rates for acute diarrhea in children younger than 5 years old after the introduction of the vaccine in 2006. A descriptive analytical observational study was carried out of the hospitalization rates occurred between 2000 and 2011 in 22 Regional Health Centers of Paraná State, Brazil. The effect of the vaccine was assessed by applying the SARIMA/Box-Jenkins time series methodology of intervention analysis, which allows verifying the slopes of the series are different after the introduction of the vaccine and estimating the magnitude of these effects for children younger than five years of age, by age group, for each region center. It was verified a statistically significant reduction by center/month on hospitalization rates for children 1 year old and younger, with averages of 47% and 58%, respectively, in December 2011.

O objetivo desse estudo é investigar o impacto da vacina do rotavírus nas taxas de internação por diarreia aguda em crianças menores de cinco anos após a introdução da vacina em 2006. Foi realizado um estudo analítico observacional descritivo das taxas de hospitalização ocorridas entre 2000 e 2011, em 22 Centros Regionais de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. O efeito da vacina foi avaliado por séries temporais aplicando a metodologia SARIMA/Box-Jenkins com análise da intervenção, a qual permite verificar que os declives das séries são diferentes após a introdução da vacina, bem como estimar a magnitude desses efeitos para crianças menores de cinco anos de idade, por faixa etária, para cada região. Verificou-se redução estatisticamente significativa por centro/mês nas taxas de internação por diarreia aguda para as crianças menores de 1 ano de idade e de 1 ano de idade, com médias de 47% e 58%, respectivamente, em dezembro de 2011.

El objetivo de este estudio es investigar el impacto de la vacuna contra el rotavirus en las tasas de hospitalización, relacionadas con diarrea aguda en niños menores de 5 años, después de que se introdujese la vacuna en 2006. Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico descriptivo de las tasas de hospitalización acaecidas entre 2000 y 2011 en 22 centros regionales de salud del estado de Paraná, Brasil. El efecto de la vacuna se evaluó mediante la aplicación de la serie de tiempo SARIMA/metodología de Box-Jenkins de análisis de intervención, lo que demuestra que los declives de las series son diferentes después de la introducción de la vacuna, con el fin de estimar la magnitud de estos efectos en los niños menores 5 años de edad, por grupos de edad para cada región. Se ha encontrado una reducción estadísticamente significativa de centro/mes en las tasas de hospitalización para niños menores de 1 año de edad y de 1 año de edad, con un promedio de 47% y 58%, respectivamente, en diciembre de 2011.

Rotavirus in adults, Brazil, 2004-2011: G2P[4] dominance and potential impact on vaccination

Objectives: The aim of this study was to monitor rotavirus (RV) infections in adults >18 years with acute gastroenteritis during 2004–2011 national Brazilian RV surveillance. In addition, to characterize the RV group A (RVA) strains in order to gain insight into the supposed vaccine selective pressure imposed to Brazilian children population. Methods: A total of 2102 convenient fecal specimens were investigated by ELISA, PAGE, and RT-PCR. Results: RV was detected in 203 (9.6%) of 2102 specimens, and showed a marked peak of detection in September. RVA infection was detected in 9.4% (197/2102) and RV group C (RVC) in 0.3% (6/2102). The most frequent genotypes detected in 2004 and 2005 were G9P[8] (38.5%; 5/13) and G1P[8] (54.5%; 6/11), respectively. The dominant genotype identified from 2006 to 2011 was G2P[4] (64.4%; 116/180). Detection rate varied during the 8-year period of the study from 0.7% to 12.9%. Conclusion: The high detection rate of G2P[4] in adults provides further evidence that its dominance reflects the seasonality of RVA strains instead of the supposed selective advantage created by vaccination program. It also can be suggested that adult infections may serve as a reservoir to maintain RVA strains in childhood gastroenteritis. Considering the detection rate, the evident reduction of RVA frequency observed in children after vaccine introduction was not present in adults. .

Rotavírus a genótipos G5 e G1 associados ao genótipo P[8] circulando no Brasil de 1986 a 2013: variabilidade genética pré e pós-vacinação / Rotavirus a genotypes g5 and g1 associated to genotype p[8] circulating in brazil from 1986 to 2013: genetic variability before and after vaccination

Os rotavírus da espécie A (RVA) são os principais agentes etiológicos causadores de gastroenterite aguda (GA) em crianças menor ou igual a 5 anos e, anualmente, são responsáveis por aproximadamente 196.000 casos de óbito infantil em todo o mundo. Diferentes mecanismos genéticos (mutações pontuais, rearranjos genéticos, reestruturação de segmentos genômicos (reassortment) e recombinação genética) estão envolvidos na geração de variabilidade genética destes vírus. As combinações genotípicas mais encontradas mundialmente são: G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8] e G9P[8], entretanto, os países em desenvolvimento apresentam uma maior variabilidade genotípica entre as cepas circulantes. No intuito de se compreender a diversidade dos RVA, em 2011 foi proposto um novo sistema de classificação para os RVA baseado no sequenciamento nucleotídico dos onze segmentos gênicos destes vírus. No presente estudo foram realizadas análises filogenéticas dos onze genes de 28 cepas brasileiras de RVA de genótipo G5P[8] coletadas entre 1986 e 2005, 90 cepas de RVA de genótipo G1P[8] em diferentes regiões brasileiras entre 1986 e 2013, além do perfil de flutuação do genótipo P[8] no Brasil durante as últimas 3 décadas. Os resultados demonstraram que as cepas brasileiras de genótipo G5P[8] e G1P[8] possuem uma constelação gênica do genótipo Wa-like (I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1), com exceção de duas cepas G1P[8], que apresentaram o genótipo T3 (genótipo AU-1-like), comumente detectado em felinos. Foi proposta a classificação do genótipo G5 em 3 linhagens diferentes (I, II e III), de modo que a linhagem I circulou no Brasil entre 1986 e 2005 e a linhagem que está circulando atualmente entre países dos continentes Africano e Asiático pertencem à linhagem III...

Specie A rotaviruses (RVA) are the main etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis (AG) in children less than or equal to 5 years old and, annually, are responsible for about death of 196.000 childrenworldwide. Different genetic mechanisms (pontual mutation, genetic rearrangement,reassortment and genetic combination) are involved in the generation of variability of thisviruses. The most detected combinations worldwide are: G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8]and G9P[8], however developing countries have strains with a greater genotypic variability.In order to unsderstand the RVA diversity, in 2011, was proposed a new classification systemfor RVA based on the nucleotide sequencing of the 11 gene segments. In the present studywere conducted Phylogenetic analyses of the 11 gene segments from 28 brazilian RVA strainsgenotype G5P[8] collected between 1986 and 2005, 90 RVA strains genotype G1P[8]collected between 1986 and 2013 in different regions of the country, besides the analysis ofthe fluctuation profile from genotype P[8] during the last 3 decades in Brazil. The resultsshowed that brazilian RVA strains genotypes G5P[8] and G1P[8] have a genecticconstellation characteristic of the genotype Wa-like (I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1), exceptfor 2 G1P[8] strains, which showed genotype T3 (AU-1-Like), generally detected in felines.Was proposed the classification of genotype G5 in 3 different lineages (I, II and III), lineage Icirculated in Brazil between 1986 and 2005, while the lineage actually circulating in Africanand Asiatic continents is lineage III...

Oral live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine (RotarixTM) offers sustained high protection against severe G9P[8] rotavirus gastroenteritis during the first two years of life in Brazilian children

In a large Phase III trial conducted in 10 Latin American countries, the safety and efficacy of the live attenuated monovalent rotavirus vaccine RIX4414 was evaluated in 15,183 healthy infants followed up during the first two years of life. Belém was the only site in Brazil included in this multicentre trial. The study in Belém included a subset of 653 infants who were followed up until 24 months of age for protection against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. These subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses of vaccine (n = 328) or two doses of placebo (n = 325) at approximately two and four months of age. Of the 653 enrolled infants, 23 dropped out during the study period. For the combined two-year period, the efficacy of RIX4414 was 72.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 37.5-89.1%] against severe rotavirus-related gastroenteritis, reaching a protection rate of 81.8% (95% CI 36.4-96.6%) against circulating wild-type G9 rotavirus strains. It is concluded that two doses of RIX4414 are highly efficacious against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in Belém during the first two years of life and provide high protection against the worldwide emergence and spread of G9P[8] strains.

Emprego de probióticos em infecções gastrointestinais e em terapias com antibióticos / Use of probiotics in gastrointestinal infections and antibiotic therapy

São considerados probióticos alguns micro-organismos, principalmente bactérias, que atuam na regulação da microflora intestinal e conferindo ao hospedeiro alguns benefícios, como a melhoria do sistema imunológico, proteção contra colonização de patógenos e controle da flora intestinal em tratamentos com antibióticos. Esta revisão objetiva discorrer sobre algumas funções destes micro-organismos bem como relatar alguns resultados encontrados em experimentos realizados visando à compreensão a ação dos probióticos em infecções gastrointestinais. Os trabalhos realizados nesta área indicam que os probióticos podem ser considerados como uma possibilidade na prevenção e no tratamento de infecções gastrointestinais, bem como coadjuvante em terapias com antibióticos.

The use of prebiotics and probiotics in Infant Formula

Gastrointestinal flora influences health; but the composition of flora can be changed with prebiotics or probiotics. The addition of probiotics to powdered infant formula has not been demonstrated to be harmful to healthy term infants. However; evidence of clinical efficacy regarding their addition is insufficient to recommend the routine use of such formula. The administration of probiotic (single or in combination) supplementation in infant or follow-on formula; and given beyond early infancy; may be associated with some clinical benefits; such as a reduction in the risk of nonspecific gastrointestinal infections; a reduced risk of antibiotic use and a lower frequency of colic and irritability. Confirmatory well-designed clinical research studies are necessary

Reduction in morbidity and mortality from childhood diarrhoeal disease after species A rotavirus vaccine introduction in Latin America : a review

Countries in Latin America were among the first to implement routine vaccination against species A rotavirus (RVA). We evaluate data from Latin America on reductions in gastroenteritis and RVA disease burden following the introduction of RVA vaccine. Published literature was reviewed to identify case-control studies of vaccine effectiveness and population-based studies examining longitudinal trends of diarrhoeal disease reduction after RVA vaccine introduction in Latin American countries. RVA vaccine effectiveness and impact on gastroenteritis mortality and hospitalization rates and RVA hospitalization rates are described. Among middle-income Latin American countries with published data (Mexico, Brazil, El Salvador and Panama), RVA vaccine contributed to a gastroenteritis-associated mortality reduction of 22-41 percent, a gastroenteritis-associated hospitalization reduction of 17-51 percent and a RVA hospitalization reduction of 59-81 percent among children younger than five years of age. In Brazil and El Salvador, case-control studies demonstrated that a full RVA vaccination schedule was 76-85 percent effective against RVA hospitalization; a lower effectiveness of 46 percent was seen in Nicaragua, the only low-income country with available data. A growing body of literature offers convincing evidence of "real world" vaccine program successes in Latin American settings, which may be expanded as more countries in the region include RVA vaccine in their immunization programs.

Probióticos e prebióticos na prevenção e no tratamento de doenças em lactentes e crianças / Probiotics and prebiotics in prevention and treatment of diseases in infants and children

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto do uso de probióticos e prebióticos na saúde das crianças. FONTES DOS DADOS: Foram pesquisados os bancos de dados MEDLINE e LILACS, selecionando-se artigos relevantes em inglês e francês. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: O leite humano é rico em oligossacarídeos prebióticos e pode conter probióticos. Não existem dados sugerindo que a adição de probióticos a fórmulas para lactentes possa ser prejudicial, mas as evidências de sua eficácia são insuficientes para que seja recomendada. Visto que dados sugerem que a adição de oligossacarídeos prebióticos específicos pode reduzir infecções e atopia em lactentes saudáveis, sua adição parece razoável. Os benefícios a longo prazo dos pro e prebióticos para o sistema imunológico em desenvolvimento ainda precisam ser comprovados. Probióticos selecionados reduzem a duração da diarreia infecciosa em 1 dia, mas faltam evidências quanto à prevenção, exceto na diarreia associada a antibióticos. Alguns probióticos específicos previnem a enterocolite necrosante, e outros micro-organismos podem ser benéficos nos casos de gastrite por Helicobacter pylori e de cólica do lactente. Não há evidências suficientes para recomendar o uso de probióticos na prevenção e no tratamento da dermatite atópica. A utilização de probióticos nos casos de constipação, síndrome do intestino irritável, doença inflamatória intestinal e infecções extraintestinais requer mais estudos. CONCLUSÕES: A duração da administração, a dosagem microbiana e as espécies utilizadas necessitam de maior validação, tanto para probióticos quanto para prebióticos. Alegações de saúde injustificadas são uma grande ameaça ao conceito de pro e prebióticos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of probiotics and prebiotics on the health of children. SOURCES: MEDLINE and LILACS were searched for relevant English and French-language articles. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Human milk is rich in prebiotic oligosaccharides and may contain some probiotics. No data suggest that addition of probiotics to infant formula may be harmful, but evidence of its efficacy is insufficient for its recommendation. Since data suggest that addition of specific prebiotic oligosaccharides may reduce infections and atopy in healthy infants, their addition to infant formula seems reasonable. Long-term health benefits of pro- and prebiotics on the developing immune system remain to be proven. Selected probiotics reduce the duration of infectious diarrhea by 1 day, but evidence in prevention is lacking, except in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Some specific probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis, and other microorganisms may be beneficial in Helicobacter pylori gastritis and in infantile colic. Evidence is insufficient to recommend probiotics in prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis. The use of probiotics in constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and extra-intestinal infections requires more studies. CONCLUSIONS: Duration of administration, microbial dosage, and species used need further validation for both pro- and prebiotics. Unjustified health claims are a major threat for the pro- and prebiotic concept.

Nutrição enteral precoce com glutamina em cães com gastrenterite hemorrágica pelo parvovirus canino / Early enteral nutrition with glutamine in dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis by canine parvovirus

The effect of the addition of glutamine aminoacid in a solution to early enteral nutrition in dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis by parvovirus (GEHV) was evaluated in a prospective study with 20 dogs. The animals were randomly separated in two groups of treatment. Animals in group 1 did not receive glutamine and in group 2 received glutamine by enteral solution. The mortality rate was 20% in group 1 and 10% in group 2, but difference was not statistically significative. The addition of glutamine in a solution to enteral nutrition did not change mortality rate.

Impacto de la introducción de la vacuna contra el rotavirus en la hospitalización por gastroenteritis aguda grave en el Hospital del Niño de la Ciudad de Panamá / Impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on hospital admissions for severe acute gastroenteritis at the Children's Hospital in Panama City

OBJETIVOS: Determinar si la introducción de la vacunación infantil contra el rotavirus en Panamá permitió reducir la tasa de hospitalización por gastroenteritis en niños menores de 5 años. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional de corte transversal en dos períodos: del 1 de enero al 31 de agosto de 2005 (antes de la introducción de la vacunación contra el rotavirus) y del 1 de enero al 31 de agosto de 2007 (un año después de la introducción). Se estudiaron todos los niños y niñas entre 2 meses y 5 años de edad hospitalizados con diagnóstico de gastroenteritis aguda grave en la sala de corta estancia de gastroenteritis del Hospital del Niño, en Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá. Las variables fueron: número de episodios de gastroenteritis, número de casos hospitalizados por gastroenteritis aguda grave, días de hospitalización y uso de antibióticos, según dos grupos de edad (de 2 meses a 1 año y de más de 1 año a 5 años). Se calculó el riesgo relativo (RR) con intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento (IC95 por ciento) y un nivel de significación P < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Se contabilizaron 1 240 episodios de gastroenteritis aguda grave en 1 222 niños. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los dos períodos de estudio en cuanto al número de complicaciones (P = 0,92) y defunciones (P = 1,00). Hubo más episodios de gastroenteritis aguda grave después de la introducción de la vacuna contra el rotavirus humano que en el período previo, pero esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (RR = 1,12; IC95 por ciento: 0,87 a 1,44; P = 0,39). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en relación al tiempo de hospitalización por grupos de edad en los periodos analizados. La proporción de casos tratados con antibióticos fue similar en ambos períodos de estudio (29,7 por ciento contra 25,2 por ciento; P = 0,08). CONCLUSIONES: No se encontró que la introducción de la vacunación infantil contra el rotavirus en Panamá llevara a una reducción significativa...

OBJECTIVES: To determine if infant rotavirus vaccination in Panama has reduced the rate of hospital admission for gastroenteritis among children under 5 years of age. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study of two time periods: 1 January-31 August 2005 (prior to initiating rotavirus vaccination) and 1 January-31 August 2007 (one year after introducing rotavirus vaccination). All the children from 2 months-5 years of age admitted with a diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis to the short-stay gastroenteritis area of the Children's Hospital in Panama City, Panama, were studied. The variables were: number of gastroenteritis episodes; number of cases admitted for severe acute gastroenteritis; number of days hospitalized; and antibiotics treatment for each of the two age groups (2 months-1 year and >1-5 years). The relative risk (RR) was calculated with a 95 percent confidence interval (95 percentCI) and a significance level of P < 0.05. RESULTS: There was a total of 1 240 episodes of severe acute gastroenteritis in 1 222 children. No significant differences were found between the two study periods regarding the number of complications (P = 0.92) and deaths (P = 1.00). Although there were more episodes of severe acute gastroenteritis after initiating vaccination against human rotavirus than there were in the period prior, the difference was not statistically significant (RR = 1.12; 95 percentCI: 087-1.44; P = 0.39). There were no significant differences found in the length of hospital stay by age groups studied in each time period. The percent of cases treated with antibiotics was similar in both study periods (29.7 percent versus 25.2 percent; P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of infant rotavirus vaccination was not found to lead to a significant reduction in hospital admission rates for gastroenteritis among children less than 5 years of age. Significant changes in morbidity and in antibiotics use were not found after the introduction...

[Prevalence of rota, adeno and astrovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Babol, Iran]

Viral gastroenteritis is associated with significant cause of morbidity and is a common cause of hospitalization in worldwide. This study was performed to assess the role of rota, adeno and astroviruses in children presenting with acute diarrhea in the main Children's Medical Hospital in Babol-Iran. Stool specimens from 208 children suffering from diarrhea were tested for the presence of rota, adeno and astroviruses by ELISA test during winter 2004 to autumn 2005. Data were then analyzed by the Chi-square and Fisher exact test with SPSS-10 software. Rota, adeno and astrovirus antigens were detected in 61.1%, 2.9% and 2.4% of patients. Infants between 6 and 12 months of age were most frequently affected with rotavirus [29.8%], [p < 0.05]. Rotavirus infection was significantly less frequent in summer and spring than winter and autumn [p < 0.05]. Fever and vomiting were present in 55.1% and 51.7% of children, respectively. There was not significant correlation between rotavirus infection and gender of patients. This study showed that rotavirus can be regarded as a major etiologic agent of winter acute diarrhea in children under 2-years old in Babol. Therefore, it is suggested to provide proper vaccination to immunize the children